Comment on the last part of Absalom and Achitophel

Absalom and Achitophel, written by John Dryden, is one of the best political satires in English literature. In it, a particular time in the political situation of England was published, and it is assumed that the then King Charles II personally requested Dryden to write a poem in his favor. Accordingly, Dryden wrote it in favor of King Charles II and against his enemies. Enemies of King Charles II tried to overthrow him and put his illegitimate child, the Duke of Monmouth, in power. In this poem, Dryden tried to undermine the enemies of King Charles II and glorify the king. In this poem, he presented allegories resembling the Bible, and King Charles II is called King David.

In the last part of the Absalom and Achitophel poem, we mainly observe the speech of King David or King Charles II. In his speech, he explains his logic for why he will have to stop his illegitimate son and punish his enemies. Before that, Dryden mainly presented the political situation of that time, where on one side were the supporters of King David or King Charles II and on the other side were the enemies of King Charles II. The main leader of the enemies is the Earl of Shaftesbury, and in this story, he is known as the character named Achitophel. He tried to influence Absalom, or the Duke of Monmouth, to rebel against his father, King David.

King David said something about his illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. He said that the Duke of Monmouth considers himself Samson, and he dreams that he will shake the foundation of the throne like Samson. Though the Duke of Monmouth was the illegitimate son of King David, he liked his son very much and felt that there was a limit to everything. The Duke of Monmouth is affectionate towards him, but he exceeds his limit. So the time has come to punish him.

Not only the Duke of Monmouth but much more than that, the Earl of Shaftesbury and other enemies who thought that the King had become old and had no strength like before, King David tried to explain his logic behind suppressing them with a strong hand in the last stanza of this poem. He said it was not fair for the country to consider him weak because the law-and-order situation as well as the dignity and power of the king should be protected. So, he is determined to punish state enemies, and he has explained this justification to his allies.

In the last part of this poem, from King David’s speech, we get Dryden’s semblance of thought about erstwhile government policy. At that time, the parliament was on one side and the king’s allies were on the other. Most of the parliament members wanted to reduce the power of the king and increase the power and scope of work of the parliament, especially in economic affairs and managing the country. On the contrary, the king was not willing to accept it because monarchy had prevailed for decades in England, and the power and honor of the king were the highest. Dryden was the king’s personnel, and he was suspicious of parliament members. So, he tried to express it through David’s mouth that the king must be strong and firm in need. If the king is not strong, there will be anarchy in the country. The king should remain in power for the betterment of the country.

In the last part of the poem, in David’s speech, we again see the statement that the king must be strong and suppress everyone with a strong hand. The enemies of the king had been plotting for a long time, and if the king was not strong then there would be some kind of unrest in the whole country. King David also said that he is kind-hearted and loves to forgive everyone. He forgave many people, and if it continues, it will not bode well for the future. So, the king must suppress this revolt with a strong hand. The orders and instructions of the king must be abided by his enemies and the people of the country because king is the most powerful person. A king’s duty is to rule the country, and while doing this, many things may be pleasant or unpleasant to somebody. But if obstacles come in every matter, then it will bring misfortune to the people. Dryden mainly tried to say this back and forth.

Though Dryden has written Absalom and Achitophel taking one side, it is one of the best political allegories in English literature and one of Dryden’s best works. This is because Dryden did not only write well but also tried to present beautiful logic for his side. From this, we get an idea of his talent and skill as a poet.

Books enhance the periphery of our knowledge

Books develop the latent genius of human beings. To be an eminent person, it is essential to keep in touch with books. A creative writer expresses his inherent thoughts through writing. The greatest wealth of a human being is books, which cannot be compared with any worldly wealth. One day all terrestrial wealth will be lost, but the knowledge acquired from an enlightened book is endless; rather, it will illuminate the light of wisdom forever. 

The first letter of the holy Quran is ‘Iqra,’ which means read. Emphasis on reading is given here first. A mode of reading is a book. Just by reading a few selective books on the syllabus and achieving an institutional degree, you cannot acquire proper knowledge. Rather, one should read various types of books to acquire versatile talent and enhance the scope of diverse knowledge. There is no limit to books or time for acquiring knowledge. There is a saying that you acquire knowledge from cradle to grave.

Litterateurs and writers engage their whole knowledge in books. It is possible to acquire knowledge only by reading their books. The future of the country and nation will remain safe to book lovers. It is very surprising that children and jubilant are growing up enjoying the internet and social media. Which way is the future of the country and the nation going?

Where are those people now who dedicated themselves to reading books, embraced sleep while reading, and again started reading after waking from sleep, collecting books beneath their pillows? Where is their ideology? So, have we been able to become their real successors? Those who know themselves as renowned writers, have we been able to become good readers like our former illustrious writers?

What is even more surprising is that those who do not read a single page in a day are writing big columns on social media. On the other hand, many book lovers who have a fascination with social media are accustomed to reading their reviews. It is a matter of big loss. If you want to gain knowledge then there is no alternative to reading books. All the wisdom of the world is hidden inside books. So, one must read books to step into the kingdom of sagacity. You have to read books if you want to know yourself and the world. Moreover, those who want to be great need to read more and more books. Keep in mind that the more books you read, the better. A book not only provides information but also creates a ground for questions and teaches us to think in a new way. One can float in the sea of wisdom if one can make him book warm. He can be a milestone for all.

There is a different charm in reading books. I regret to say that reading habits are being deteriorated day by day in today’s information and technological era. Our reading habits almost turn into mechanical means. There is no space for paper books in the age of information and technology. Someone said that reading is important. What is the need for the touch or smell of books? But they do not know that the charm of reading books lies in their smell. A writer said, "The interest in reading original books has been lost after e-books and e-papers of national dailies have come out. Many people only read e-books and PDFs." In this context, my opinion is that true book lovers do not get the same feelings from reading e-books as they do from paper books. Books are such materials that can be embellished after reading. Books can be read generation after generation. Those who are authors express their vast experience of long days on every page of a book, and we get the opportunity to enrich ourselves by being enlightened by that knowledge. So, please let us read and love books. 

Lalakhal: A place where green hills and crystal-clear water river meet together

Lalakhal is one of the favorite tourist spots in Bangladesh. The location of this popular tourist destination is in Jaintiapur Upazila of Sylhet district. The scenic view of the Shari-Goyain River flowing beside Lalakhal attracts visitors from across the country. Numerous curves in this river, seen from a bird's eye, may look like a giant blue snake. There are hill forests, tea gardens, and various types of trees on both sides of the river. 

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Description:

Lalakhal is situated just below Cherrapunji, which is regarded as one of the most preferred tourist attractions in India. This river is born in the Cherrapunji Hills and then flows through Bangladesh. The color of the water of the Lalakhal River is blue. For this reason, it is known to the nearby residents as ‘Nilnod,’ which means blue water river. Basically, the color of the water in this river is like this because of the minerals mixed with the flowing water from the Jaintia Hills and the sandy surface of the river instead of mud. One can see a lot of curves in the Lalakhal River.

History:

The traveler Ibn Battuta came to Bangladesh through this river. Though the word ‘canal’ is attached to the name of the place, it is part of a river named Shari. It is because the water coming down from Cherrapunji Hills flows through Lalakhal. The reason for naming this place ‘Lalakhal’ is not yet known.

Environmental adversity:

Paying no attention to government regulations has put plant diversity under threat. Also, the lifting of stones without permission has threatened the lands of the river and river basin. Due to the cut down of a large number of trees by the intervention of influential people in the area, outbreaks of various diseases are often observed. Moreover, the navigability of the river has decreased due to the siltation of stones and sand coming down from upstream. As a result, the lives of the people in the nearby areas are being affected by the sudden downpour from upstream. 

How much suitable is Dhaka city for electric vehicles?

Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh, but it is known to others as one of the most densely populated cities in the world. This city, with more than 21 million people, is continuously facing various obstacles. These include air pollution, traffic congestion, and the lack of reliability in the public transportation system. In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered an implicit solution to these problems. These vehicles are considered a cleaner and more effective alternative to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. 

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The usage of electric-powered vehicles in Dhaka is still in its initial phases. The number of electric vehicles on the street is still very low. There are a few privately owned Tesla cars, but until now, electric vehicles have not been included as a category to be registered under the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA).

Still, Audi Bangladesh has launched its e-tron electric SUV and has become the first Bangladeshi automotive brand to officially unveil a Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV). At the same time, they have taken the official recognition of BRTA in the EV category as the first marketer.

It is an indication of a positive change in the attitude of the regulators towards EVs. However, is Dhaka ready to embrace this type of vehicle?

One of the biggest benefits of EVs is their low emissions. Electric motors in EVs do not produce any carbon emissions, which is an attractive option for a city like Dhaka that suffers from air pollution.

According to a study by the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution in Dhaka city is the cause of death for 12,000 people every year. As a result, it has become a serious problem for public health. If we move towards EVs, air pollution in Dhaka city will decrease significantly, and the health of its dwellers will improve.

Effectiveness is another positive side of EVs. Electric motors are more effective than internal combustion engines, meaning that EVs can go farther using the same amount of energy. As a result, this type of car is suitable for Dhaka’s congested roads, where most of the time, vehicles move very slowly, and gasoline-powered vehicles at this time burn a lot of fuel.

Moreover, EVs will become fully charged overnight. That means they can start their journey to their destination without stopping at any gas stations in the morning.

However, to become a reliable vehicle for Dhaka dwellers, EVs will have to overcome several obstacles. In that regard, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of infrastructure with charging facilities.

At present, there is no public charging station in Dhaka city, which has made it difficult for EV owners to charge their vehicles. According to the information received in December 2020, there are only 14 EV charging stations with a joint capacity of 278 kW across the country.

Fast charging through direct current commercially is not yet readily available in Bangladesh. A very small number of vehicles that are currently in operation are being charged this way with the residential charging arrangements.

For charging EVs at houses, it is possible to increase the number of high-voltage electrical lines. However, after the launch of the line, the users are paying a high price. Moreover, EV users would have to pay the bill at the rate of commercial establishments, which is much higher than that of residential buildings.

Another impediment is the high price of EVs. At this time, EVs are more expensive than conventional fuel-powered vehicles, putting them out of reach for many people in Dhaka. This is partly because of the high price of batteries, which make up a large part of the cost of EVs. However, as battery technology advances and the economic target is met, the financial cost of EVS is expected to fall.

Despite these drawbacks, in Dhaka city, the authority is taking several steps that will serve as a promotion to increase the use of EVs. For example, in recent times, the Bangladesh government has formulated a new automobile policy that aims to include more eco-friendly vehicles in the transport system. The government has set a target of at least 15% of registered vehicles being electric by 2030.

In the draft of the Automobile Industry Development Policy-2020, it has been said that a tax holiday has been recommended for investments made in the production of energy-efficient vehicles (EEVs).

Walton, one of the country’s marketers, has recently unveiled its e-bike lineup and is likely working on introducing an electric city bus.

Apart from Walton, several other organizations in the country are preparing to introduce locally manufactured two-wheeler EVs to the Bangladeshi market.

Indian automaker Omega Seiki has recently announced an investment of one billion rupees for the convenience of marketing electric vehicles in Bangladesh. Local auto manufacturer BD Auto is planning to manufacture three-wheelers for the domestic and international markets. 

Palanquin: A mode of transport for elite people

A palanquin is one kind of luxurious transport in which generally rich people travel from one place to another. Being a wheelless vehicle, a few people carry a palanquin on their shoulders from one place to another. The person who carries the load of a palanquin is called the bearer. Initially, such vehicles are believed to have been created to carry the gods and goddesses or their idols. Many temples contain sculptures depicting scenes of deities being carried by palanquins. Later, the noblemen and ladies of the European upper class mainly used it to travel until the introduction of railways in the Indian subcontinent. In the modern age, there is no use for the palanquin. However, in the Indian subcontinent, it is used on a limited scale for weddings, pilgrimages, etc. 

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Other names of palanquin:

The palanquin has been known as Lectica in ancient Rome, Jiao in China, Kieu in Vietnam, Sedan chair in England, Litera in Spain, Palanquin in France, Liteira in Portugal, Wo in Thailand, Gama in Korea, Norimono in Japan, Tahtirevan in Turkey, etc.

Construction Style:

In Europe, palanquins were made either open or closed suitable for lying. With the help of two poles attached to the opposite sides of the palanquin, palanquin bearers or draught animals pulled the palanquin. The palanquin is thought to have evolved from the concept of a sledge-driven vehicle. It has been manifested in Egyptian paintings. Later, it was also used in the Persian Empire. These issues have been highlighted in books related to Isha. This vehicle is known as a palanquin in eastern countries.

Originally, palanquins were reserved for people of noble descent and high status, like empresses and wives of senators in ancient Rome, but for common people, the use of this vehicle was prohibited. In the seventeenth century, there was an adequate number of palanquins in Europe; both poles of the palanquin were covered in leather for better protection and to maintain privacy. Later, seriously ill patients and injured people were permitted to use palanquins.

Usage:

In London, a palanquin is called a sedan chair. This type of palanquin is designed to accommodate a person with a chair or a cabin with a window. It was carried by at least two people, in front and behind. The bearer came to be known as a porter chairman. It was much less visible in the 19th century, but it was used for centuries as a dignified form of transport in which confined women were passengers. At night, a link-boy with a flaming torch would guide the way from the front of the palanquin. In the 1970s, John Cunningham, an entrepreneur and a resident of Bathwick, briefly brought back the sedan chair.

In China, sedan chairs have some utility in the traditional style. Generally, these are hired and used in the marriage ceremony. The bride is brought wrapped in red silk. Once, sedan chairs were used in public in Hong Kong. Chairs used for public use had to be registered. Taxes had to be paid as well. The user of a private chair or palanquin was considered a person of high status. Government officials used to determine the number of bearers that might be required for this palanquin.

In South Asia, the word "palanquin" has come from the Sanskrit word "palayanka," which means a traveling bed. Around 250 BC, there is a mention of a palanquin in the Ramayana. Wheel-driven rickshaws came into use in the 1930s. As a result, Palanquin started to lose its importance.

The Java community of Indonesia continues the tradition of riding palanquins. The bearers carrying the generic palanquin (known as “Joli” in Javanese society) on their shoulders would transport the passenger, and any passenger could travel in exchange for money.

The song of the palanquin bearers:

Old palanquin bearers used to sing a song, “Master’s skin color is black; mistress is a jolly person. Heave ho! careful as we go.” While taking the master somewhere, the bearers would sing, “Heave ho! Steady as we go through the narrow road. Our master is a generous fellow and would pay us well.” 

Heiyo (হেঁইও), which means "heave ho" in English, is a call to exertion in heaving.

Bishad Sindhu and the beginning of Renaissance among the Bengali Muslims

Mir Mosharraf Hossain was the pioneer of the Renaissance that started among the Bengali Muslims (1847–1911). In the case of novels, Mir Mosharraf Hossain, the first Bengali Muslim novelist, is one of the greatest writers of Bengali prose literature. He began writing in the second half of the nineteenth century. He composed his timeless work, “Bishad Sindhu,” (Ocean of Sorrow) in the euphoric language of elegant prose. He wrote many books, of which “Bishad Sindhu” is the best for its subject’s vicissitudes. His best work, “Bishad Sindhu,” has a special identity. His critics express the excellence of his writing from their point of view. The majority of the critics consider “Bishad Sindhu” to be his best essay. 

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The making of Bishad Sindhu:

If we look at the story of “Bishad Sindhu,” then we will find that the writer metamorphosed a new Muslim tradition in this book. “Bishad Sindhu” is depicted in this very mournful story of the past. “Bishad Sindhu” is not a history but a novel written based on historical events. So, this book is not monotonous but a simple composition. Here readers would see life, violence, greed, hypocrisy, cruelty and the vaunting of arrogant people. Imam Hasan and Husayn are the symbols of sanctity; their counterpart is the cruel and arrogant son of Yazid Ibn Muawiya. Yazid is drunker and lascivious. His sinister look fell on the beautiful wife of Abdul Zabbar. Abdul Zabbar divorced his wife in the trap of cupidity.

Abdul Zabbar’s wife, Zainab, was shocked by this incident. She understood the conspiracy of Yazid. So, she selected Imam Hasan as her husband, refusing the proposal to marry Yazid. For this reason, Yazid was revengeful. The story begins here. Eventually, this story, spreading its diversity, turns into a mournful and fatal end. Imam Hasan was poisoned, and Husayn was murdered by setting a trap at Karbala. The brutal killing of Karbala is a historical incident. It occurred on the 10th of Muharram. Imam Hasan and Husayn sacrificed their lives in the fire of revenge. In the minds of Muslim people, that case has given them pain for ages.

The subject matter of “Bishad Sindhu” is very painful. The main topic of this book is the martyrdom of Imam’s family at the hands of the insolent Yazid. The book ends with the most severe consequences of sin. The author has resorted to the imagination in many places. To make the historical topic dynamic and attractive, the writer has created subtopics, which enhance the acceptance of this book. He never distorted the main topic of history. The consequence of Yazid shown in the book is not history-based. Here, the writer’s principled mind reacted. He tried to set a principle showing the defeat of sin.

Creation of character:

“Bishad Sindhu” is a large historical novel. It has more than a hundred characters. The main character of this book is Yazid. He is the son of Muawiya, Syria's ruler. He was a rogue, gave the evil eye to another's wife, was a drunker, and had a bad temper. He was devoid of conscience and principles, but he was a very courageous warrior. His soldiers brutally killed attendants and family members of Imam Husayn at Karbala field. Imam Husayn was killed by a heretic named Shamir. All these brutal activities were done at the instruction of Yazid. The writer does not attribute any virtue to the character of Yazid. The characters of “Bishad Sindhu” are divided into two parts. One is honest, and the other one is a dishonest character. Yazid was the mastermind of the dishonest character. Yazid was brutal, stubborn, and had a highly willing force. He did not care about any obstacles.

Historian Ibne Khaldun also gave this same opinion. The character of Yazid is properly depicted by the writer in his novel. The writer has exactly followed history in delineating the characters of Imam Hasan and Husayn. They are honest and pious, and there is no lack in their character. Ja'da is the bright character of “Bishad Sindhu.” The writer demonstrated his skill in portraying this character.

In the character of Ja'da, it has been outlined how an honest and loving woman became notorious after falling into rapacity. Like a competent artist, Mir Mosharraf Hossain revealed the narrowness, indigence, bloodthirstiness, cupidity, grudge and covetousness of a woman’s mind. Mir Mosharraf, in his everlasting write-up, unveiled the cover of the weird mind, where reptiles of desire crawl slowly into the mind getting the signal of death. Shamir and Maimuna are two atheistic characters. They can commit any heinous crime for money. Maimuna tempted Ja'da into killing Hasan. On the other hand, Shamir brutally killed the exhausted Husayn. Hanif was a brave man as well as a brave warrior. His prudence and bravery in the rescue phase impress the reader. This character becomes lively with the magical touch of the writer. Other supporting characters are also well-written in their own realm.

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the king of literature, compared Mir Mosharraf Hossain with Madhusudan Dutta. He said there is a similarity in creating the characters of this novel with the characters of Meghnadvadh poetry. Ravana, the hero of the Meghnadvadh poetry, has immense power, but so was his pain. Yazid is also strong like Ravana. Sita of Meghnadvadh is like Zainab of Bishad Sindhu. The soliloquy of Zainab reminds us of the story of Sita.

Language:

The language of “Bishad Sindhu” is an elegant Bengali language that heavily borrows words from Sanskrit. Here, the influence of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s language is observed. Mir Mosharraf Hossain composed the dialogue in euphoric language. The art of language is very beautiful. His language is spirited as well as artistic. The writer's narration has become lively because of the use of language. Though Sanskrit words are used in language, there is no sluggishness in it. Everywhere, a smooth flow of language is seen. “Bishad Sindhu” is the best essay of Mir Mosharraf Hossain. This cannot be said about any other book of this writer.

Though Mir Mosharraf Hossain did not avoid ethics in his writing, he keenly observed the problems of human life. Like a true novelist, he has been able to consider the problems of human beings, such as their insignificance, lowliness, kindness, and greatness.

Curd Seller Ziaul Haque establishes a village library

Ziaul Haque was born into a very poor family at Chama Mushribhuja village in Bholahat upazila of Chapainawabganj in 1938. A curd seller by profession, Ziaul Haque grew up seeing poverty and illiteracy. A small businessman, Ziaul Haque and his family led a very humble life, but this could not break their spirit. Every day, he purchased one or two books and built this huge library. He could study until class five because of the extreme poverty and unfavorable environment of the village. He helped the poor and meritorious students of the area by purchasing them different educational equipment even when he was in the midst of extreme poverty. In 1959, he handed over five sets of books to five students of class six in Chama Mushribhuja and the neighboring village, and from there, his great work basically did a good start. Not only books, but he also started giving educational equipment like notebooks, pens, pencils, chalk, bags etc. When he had many books in his collection after independence, he established the "Ziaul Haque Family Library" in 1980. 

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People all over Bangladesh came to know his name when local newspapers like Chapainawabganj’s The Daily Nawab, Rajshahi’s The Daily Dinkal and The Daily Sonali Sangbad published reports about his library. Later, Ziaul Haque changed the name of his library to ‘Ziaul Haque Islami Library’. Apart from the mentioned daily newspapers, articles about his established library were published in some national newspapers, including Prothom Alo at various times. In 2002, the greatness and praise of Ziaul Haque spread everywhere after a detailed report about the ‘Ziaul Haque Islami Library’ was telecast on Ekushey Television (ETV). From April 12 to May 15, Uniliver Bangladesh Ltd., in collaboration with Adcom, an advertising agency, published an advertisement where it sought help from the people to look for “White Hearted Humans.” It created a wide response and exuberance among people when the advertisement was aired on all television channels, including Bangladesh Television and major national dailies.

Three thousand nominations were submitted. A team of journalists from daily newspapers made the initial selection. The journalist team made a list of 50 people in the second stage. At the end of the on-site observation by a local reporter of the NTV channel, Adcom and Uniliver Bangladesh Limited prepared a short list of 20 people. In the final round, with the presence of national personalities like journalist Matiur Rahman, Rokia Afzal Rahman and Dr. Debapriya Bhattacharya as selectors, the top 10 ‘White Hearted Humans’ were selected. Among them, Ziaul Haque from a remote village in Bholahat upazilla made it into the list.

On February 2, 2007, ten people who were selected as ‘White Hearted Humans’ were officially honored at Hotel Sheraton in Dhaka with the presence of distinguished guests, military, high-ranking government officials, writers, artists, intellectuals, journalists and advisors of the then caretaker government. At that ceremony, each was awarded a gold medal, a certificate, and two lakh taka. National dailies published detailed reports, television channels telecast documentaries while NTV broadcast the ‘White Hearted Humans’ award ceremony live on February 10, 2007, where these people were honored.

2007 was an eventful year for Ziaul Haque. After receiving grants from HSBC, many charitable Bangladeshis provided Tk 2 lakh from Italy and Canada and Tk 1 lakh from Norway. Dr. Fazlur Rahman, a London-based Bangladeshi expatriate, donated 200 pounds, and the Dhaka Freedom Foundation donated books worth Tk 2 lakh and a bookshelf worth Tk 25,000, which further enriched Ziaul Haque’s library. In addition, he also received financial assistance from local organizations. With this money, Ziaul Haque bought a piece of land where he built a room for his library and an extra room for himself and started living there. He donated a large portion of his grant money to charitable causes. 

Apart from buying books, he also purchased a few cupboards with the grant money. At present, the number of books in this library is around 20,000. His library is spreading the light of knowledge among local inhabitants. Ziaul Haque’s library also contains almost 600 sets of school and college-level textbooks, which he distributes among meritorious students from poor families free of cost. Then they return the books after completing their studies. In this way, the ‘Curd Seller Ziaul Haque’ is doing a social service by allowing the students to become educated, thus giving them new opportunities. Aside from Bholahat upazila, students from the villages of Gomostapur, Shibganj, Nachol and Nawabganj upazila are benefiting from his library. 

Aside from winning the NTV ‘White Hearted Humans’ award in 2007, this education enthusiast and social change maker received numerous awards from the Chapainawabganj District Administration in 1999, Rohanpur Yusuf Ali College in 1993, Bholahat Student Welfare Association in 2003, and Dhaka-based Chapainawabganj Zila Samity in 2010. Alongside selling curd, looking after the library and doing other public welfare work, Ziaul Haque at present is playing the role of a director as one of the founding members of Jamia Arabia Islamia Madrasha in Bholahat. Ziaul Haque of Chapainawabganj has already become a living legend and gained national and international fame.