Industrial Revolution in Silas Marner

Silas Marner is one of the best novels written by George Eliot. In this novel, we can see that Silas Marner is an ordinary weaver. He used to live in a village. He experiences various events in his life. In all these events, he sometimes suffers in life and sometimes becomes happy. The novel primarily portrays all these aspects of his life. Here, we can see the social situation of the early nineteenth century. 

Silas Marner used to live in a small town in Northern England, which was probably not very much different from a village. A false accusation of theft was brought against him, and as a result, he was forced to leave the area. Then, through various ups and downs, he found an orphaned child whom he raised as his own, and his life became beautiful again around that little girl.

This novel was written at a time when the Industrial Revolution was just beginning in England. As a result, several significant changes took place in society and the economy of England. When we talk about the Industrial Revolution, we often think about economics, trade, and politics, but George Eliot focused more on the lives of ordinary people. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, what happened at that time was that many people were migrating from villages to cities in droves in the hope of getting a job. They used to work in agriculture before, and they did not earn much from it. Sometimes, crops would be damaged by natural disasters, and they would face losses. Sometimes, the price of crops would be very low. Because of all these reasons, what happened was that when the Industrial Revolution came, they started crowding into urban areas, leaving agricultural work. As a result, new small towns started to develop in England. So, that was a very unstable time. On one hand, rural English life was coming to an end, and on the other hand, urban England was flourishing. This was the situation at that time.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, many people started dreaming of getting rich quickly. It seemed that moving to the city would bring wealth. Just like in our time, we often hear that money ‘flies in the sky’ in Dhaka, and if you come to Dhaka, you just have to catch it. Many people in rural Bangladesh hear and believe such things. They come to Dhaka with big dreams but end up pulling rickshaws or living in slums. We often hear these stories from others or from relatives in the village. We can see this kind of problem in both Dunstan Cass and Godfrey Cass in different ways. Dunstan Cass runs away with Silas Marner’s gold in the hope of making money.

On the other hand, Godfrey Cass secretly marries a girl who belongs to a poor family. He keeps his marriage a secret, and they have a child named Eppie. The unrest between them symbolizes the Industrial Revolution in one way. During the time of the industrial revolution, many people wanted to become rich in just this way. They wanted to become wealthy and make money at any cost—through trickery, manipulation, or cunning. As a result, many people were harmed. For example, Silas Marner’s gold was stolen, and Godfrey Cass’ first and secret wife, Molly Farren, eventually died, leaving Eppie to grow up as an orphan. In this way, a kind of unrest was going on at that time, which is reflected in this novel.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, people used to live in overcrowded conditions in those newly developed towns. In many cases, these towns did not have many facilities. They were somewhat similar to the slums we see in present-day Bangladesh. Towards the end of the novel, Silas Marner and his daughter possibly form an idea about city life based on these observations.

One negative side of the Industrial Revolution was that people began to value money more, and moral values declined. That is why we see that Silas Marner’s friend brought a false accusation of theft against him. As a result, Silas Marner was forced to leave his community. His best friend even married his fiancée. In this way, Silas Marner lost everything. Unfortunately, in this way, there was indeed a decline in morality, and it seemed that England was undergoing social deterioration. However, this kind of social degradation can happen in any situation, and it is neither impossible nor unrealistic.

It may be difficult to fully understand how much George Eliot was influenced by the Industrial Revolution when writing Silas Marner, but it seems that she was probably not very much in favor of it. 

William Wordsworth’s relationship with nature

William Wordsworth is regarded as one of the top three poets in English literature, along with William Shakespeare and John Milton. He is the pioneer and founder of the Romantic Movement in English literature. Few poets have devoted their lives so entirely to the promotion of poetry. Wordsworth is particularly renowned for emphasizing the significance of nature in his works. To him, nature did not merely represent the natural world but much more than that.

Wordsworth’s poetry is significant because it presents a constant portrayal of nature. Nature is not just a part of life but has its own existence and life. Nature is not just trees, water, and picturesque landscapes, but also has a spirit and an existence of its own, apart from human beings. Wordsworth believes that people should not forget this aspect of nature and should communicate with it by considering it as their own counterpart.

We all know that nature can inspire poet to write poetry. However, Wordsworth believes that nature can have a highly active influence on a poet’s life rather than having a passive one. According to him, it can help to create powerful emotions in the mind of a poet and when the poet think of it can create powerful poetry. Wordsworth believes that it has happened to him that after experiencing a beautiful event or scene in nature, he returned home, recollected the emotion in tranquility and composed very good poems. In fact, Wordsworth thinks that nature can play a very active role throughout the entire poetic process.

Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey” is an excellent poem that mainly deals with memory and nature. This poem is a reflection of the change of emotion in the poet. Five years ago, he visited the place, and he visited there again. He notices a significant change between these two visits. When he first visited, he experienced and made some wonderful memories in his youth. He did not think much about the relationship between humans and nature; rather, he just experienced and enjoyed the beauty of nature in that place. However, after five years, he comes to understand that there is a certain kind of bond and emotion attached to the place in his mind. He is also aware that during his current visit, he will discover new aspects upon seeing the place again. He has described things in a very simple yet beautiful manner and believes that people should foster a relationship with nature.

Wordsworth’s poem “It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free” is a remarkable piece of poetry. In fact, it is a sonnet and perhaps the best sonnet written by him. It is an emotional poem in which he reflects on nature in a very calm and peaceful manner. It was a beautiful evening, and the place was very quiet and peaceful, like a nun. The poet realizes that the beauty of the place evokes a sense of heavenly bliss in his mind, and he perceives nature as divine. In this poem, the poet finds a relationship between nature and God, and he believes that nature is an essential component of God.

Wordsworth brought a new trend to poetry and had a significant influence on the Romantic poets who followed. While some of them appreciated his ideas, others did not. Byron, Shelley, and Keats were among the other Romantic poets who contributed their own styles. Coleridge, a close friend of Wordsworth, also differed with him regarding the role of nature in both human life and poetry. However, it is undeniable that William Wordsworth was a pioneer in emphasizing the role of nature in both human life and poetic expression.

How creatively did we spend our time during power outages in childhood?

I was born in Bangladesh in the late 1980s. However, when I was old enough to understand my surroundings, I became aware of several issues. Frequent power outages were one of them. They occurred so often and lasted so long that people would sometimes find themselves without electricity for half the day. When the power finally returned after an hour or two, people would sarcastically say that the electricity had not gone— it had just decided to take a little vacation.

Back in those days, we did not have IPS systems or rechargeable lights. Therefore, to cope with the darkness at night, we had to rely on kerosene lamps and candles of various shapes and sizes. I have heard numerous stories of people who studied by the flickering light of a lamp or candle and later went on to secure top government jobs.

However, we often spent our time during power outages in more creative ways. Family members, especially the younger ones, would split into two teams and hold singing competitions either on the balcony or up on the rooftop. When one group finished a song, the other would start with a new tune, beginning with the last letter of the previous song’s final word. Meanwhile, the male members would go outside to socialize with friends, chatting about everything from global politics to the prices of daily essentials.

I can still clearly recall how we would place our hands next to a candle or lamp to create different shapes—dogs, rabbits, turtles, birds, and many more—projecting their shadowy dances onto the wall whenever my mother lit a candle during load-shedding at night. This form of art is referred to as “hand shadow puppetry.”

You know, back in those days, most of us—especially the younger crowd—would pour melted candle wax on our hands and then attempt to put out the flame with our thumb and index finger. We genuinely believed we were doing the most courageous thing imaginable. Now, looking back on those moments, I cannot help but giggle at how wild we were.

When the power came back, my siblings and I would compete to see who could blow out the candle first. On moonlit nights, we would gather on the rooftop, share stories, reminisce about our carefree childhood, and burst into laughter over our silly past adventures.

Power outages at night in the village, especially during the winter season, gave us experiences that no amount of money could buy. The entire village would be submerged in darkness, and it felt as if we were wrapped in a cozy blanket of silence. We could only hear the chirping of crickets and the flickering of fireflies dancing in the jungle. Sitting on the steps of the paved wharf, soaking in the serene atmosphere, was the kind of experience that money simply cannot buy.

The women in the family would gather in the courtyard to gossip while the young men perched on the railing of a pole built across the canal, chatting away until the power was restored. Even though I will never get those days back, but I can cherish the memories for the the rest of my life.

Birthday celebration by middle-class people in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, most people are quite conservative. Their religious faith or beliefs often influence the celebration of various festivals or events. Birthday celebrations have not been spared from this influence. There might be a debate about whether celebrating birthdays is permissible in religion. However, in this article, I will not speak from a religious perspective but rather from a social point of view. Like in the rest of the world, birthdays are celebrated in our country too. The extravagance of a birthday party depends on a family’s socioeconomic status. Since I come from a middle-class family, I will focus on how people in this social class typically celebrate birthdays.

Since most people in this social class can hardly make ends meet with their limited income, throwing a birthday party seems like a far-off dream. Yet, they are sometimes compelled to do it just to fulfill their children’s requests. To do so, they buy a cake as cheaply as possible, prepare some food items at home, and invite a few neighbors. They try to keep the celebration as simple as possible. Those who are financially solvent tend to arrange it in a more grandiloquent manner.

In rural areas of Bangladesh, well-off families often celebrate their children’s birthdays in a more religious manner. They frequently invite orphans from local madrasahs and organize Quran recitations and prayers as part of the festivities. They also hire a professional chef to prepare delicacies—polao, chicken roast, beef curry, and salad—for hundreds of people. To accommodate this grand feast, they typically set up a tent in the courtyard. The tradition of celebrating birthdays by cutting a cake is not very common. In most cases, the birthday program ends before sunset.

However, in urban areas, we see a completely different scenario. Here, middle-class families who are doing well financially often host birthday parties at home. They start the preparations a few days before the birthday. When the day finally arrives, preparations begin very early in the morning, with the female members and the family’s servant spending a busy time in the kitchen preparing food for the guests. This includes grinding spices, slicing onions, washing and rinsing rice, and many other tasks. To avoid these hassles, some people hire a chef to cook the food items. The variety of dishes usually depends on their financial ability, with around 5 to 6 items being the norm. Older siblings often take responsibility for buying the birthday cake and home decoration items. The cake is adorned with flowers or fun designs featuring the popular words “Happy Birthday to You,” along with the name of the birthday child. One of the rooms is decorated with cartoon-themed decorations and colorful balloons. They even buy funnel-shaped paper caps for the birthday baby and the other kids attending the event.

Though the main event starts in the evening, guests begin arriving early. The main event begins with the cutting of the cake. At that time, everyone gathers in a circle around the birthday child and sings the traditional birthday song, “Happy Birthday to You,” in chorus. The birthday kid blows out the candle while their parents, holding their little one’s hand, cut the cake. Then, they feed the child a small portion of the cake as part of a celebration. The most interesting thing is that kids and youngsters pop balloons after the celebration. Someone might even pop a party popper to commemorate the special occasion as a modern addition to birthday parties. Then, the cake is cut into pieces and given to each guest. After that, the main dish is served.

People with a bit more wealth often host their birthday parties at a restaurant or a community center. It costs them more money but takes the stress out of preparing everything at home. The restaurant arranges the food items depending on how many guests are expected to attend the party. The meal usually starts with some starters, like soup, wontons, and other light food items. Then comes the main course, which typically features fried rice, chicken fry, Chinese vegetables, and either beef or chicken curry. There is a designated area where decorations are made with various decorative items to make the place feel festive.

From my point of view, any event feels like a social gathering for middle-class people. On the contrary, for upper-class people, it is more of a chance to show off or a business meeting among partners or tycoons. 

It is hard to preserve independence with dignity than achieving it

Independence is achieved in exchange for the relentless struggle of countless people and the shedding of immense blood. Great awareness, diligence, and perseverance are required to protect the independence achieved after such sacrifice and hardship.

To stay outside the authority or rule of others is called independence. It is a valuable asset of national life. Achieving independence is considered the result of hard work and unlimited sacrifice. This independence is achieved through many sacrifices and the loss of many lives. It is because powerful rulers never give independence to a subjugated nation. We cannot see the true form of this hard-earned independence if we confine it to achievements only. We must uphold the honor of our independence, and keeping that honor is the most difficult and important task. The days that follow the arrival of independence, after a long struggle and immense self-sacrifice, are considered to be even more terrifying and critical. Therefore, we need more strength to protect the independence because there is no absence of enemies inside and outside an independent country. The struggle to protect a country’s independence from internal and external opposition is indeed a difficult one. The former enemies of an independent nation harm the country secretly. Defeating them is a very difficult task.

If this continues, frustration will arise in public life, enthusiasm for work will decrease, and the path to national progress will become full of obstacles. Then, the question of upholding the importance, significance, and true spirit of independence becomes a major concern. Therefore, to protect independence, all the people of the country have to work tirelessly in the fields, factories, and everywhere with endless efforts and responsibilities. We have to bring about financial prosperity to the country by developing the country in industry and commerce. We have to make our country self-sufficient in food production by developing agriculture. If the country’s economic backbone is strong and if the country is self-contained in food, then we can observe motivation and awareness among ordinary people. Then, there is no fear of the country’s independence being endangered. However, doing that work with people is not that easy.

In 1971, freedom fighters of our country achieved independence at the cost of three million lives. Can we defend this independence with proper respect? After achieving independence, immorality, the tendency of excess spending, anti-social activities, and terrorism in educational institutions are increasing in different sectors of Bangladesh. If this situation continues for a long time, will it really be possible to protect our independence? If we are not aware enough and strong from the economic and political perspectives, it will be very difficult to protect independence.

No one in this world wants to live without independence. As a result, every person has the desire to achieve independence, but we must not forget the importance of protecting it as well. We cannot truly protect the independence without the collective effort of all. 

The role of prophecy in The Aeneid

When the Trojans, under the leadership of Aeneas, set sail for Italy, Juno, feeling vengeful, commands Aeolus to raise a storm that will capsize their ships and drown them all. As she watches her son struggle in the turbulent sea, Venus, the mother of Aeneas, confronts Jupiter on Olympus for allowing her son to suffer like this. Jupiter calms her and reminds her of the many prophecies that promise Aeneas will eventually reach Italy and that his descendants will establish a great empire. This prophecy makes Venus happy. The Aeneid contains numerous prophecies, this being the first one.

To assure Aeneas that everything is going smoothly, Venus shows him the omen of the twelve white swans, symbolizing the twelve Trojan ships that have just arrived in Carthage.

The speeches of Hector and Creusa also contain parts of prophecies, as they hint at the future. When the hidden Greek forces emerge from the stomach of the Trojan Horse and launch their attack on the helpless Trojans, the ghost of Hector, King Priam’s son, who had been killed by Achilles earlier in the Trojan War, appears to Aeneas in a dream. He urges him to flee, take the gods of their homeland with him from Troy, and find a new city across the sea that will thrive.

Dido, the queen of Carthage, provides the only significant prophecy in this epic, foreseeing the animosity that will arise between their nations.

While Aeneas is escaping from Troy with his family, Creusa gets lost. Aeneas bravely returns to the chaotic city to search for her, but instead of finding her, he meets her ghost. In this haunting encounter, Creusa’s spirit prophesies that he is destined to marry again after reaching his new homeland.

When Aeneas sets sail in search of a new homeland, Apollo delivers a prophecy, telling him to find the land that was once home to the Trojan people. However, Aeneas mistakenly interprets these words as a reference to Crete. Soon, the household gods sent by Apollo make it clear that it is not Crete but Italy.

Celaeno, a prophetess and the eldest of the Furies, advises Aeneas to leave the island and pursue his fate in Italy. However, she warns that before they establish their city, they will be forced to eat their tables.

Apollo delivers a prophecy through Deiphobe, the priestess. The Sibyl informs Aeneas about the challenges ahead and the wars he will face in Italy. She warns him about Juno’s relentless opposition to him.

Aeneas descends to the underworld and meets his father, Anchises. Anchises foretells the history of Aeneas’ descendants.

Meanwhile, Latinus has been convinced by Faunus’ repeated prophecies that his daughter, Lavinia, is destined to marry someone from outside their race. This union is said to bring forth descendants who will conquer the world.

After Turnus declared war against the Trojans, Aeneas sought help from neighboring nations. Tiberinus, the god of the Tiber River, appeared to him in a dream, prophesied that the Trojans would receive help, and sent Aeneas upstream. He urged Aeneas to go to Evander and form an alliance.

Aeneas’ shield also carries a prophecy. Vulcan has depicted the story of Roman glory on the face of the shield. The shield features images of Romulus being nursed by the she-wolf, the defeat of the Gauls, and Caesar Augustus triumphing over Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, among many other significant events.

Jupiter tells Juno that the Trojans are destined to win and will not be defeated again. In response, Juno tries to get Turnus out of the war.

Concerned for Turnus, Juno fears that Aeneas might kill him. She calls Juturna, Turnus’ sister, and tells her about her brother’s fate. Juno instructs her to keep a close eye on Turnus and break the truce for his safety.

Aeneas’ visit to the underworld

Aeneas wants to visit his father’s ghost by going down to the underworld. Thus, he asks sibyl for help in getting there. The Sibyl informs Aeneas that to gain entry into Dis with a hope of returning, he must collect a golden bough from a special tree. This bough will grant him access to the underworld.

He feels disappointed looking at the size of the forest, but after he says a prayer, a pair of doves descends and guides him to the desired trees. Aeneas realizes that it is his mother, Venus, who has sent these doves to help him find the golden bough.

After collecting the golden bough, he returns to the sibyl. Deiphobë guides Aeneas to the entrance of the underworld. Aeneas makes a sacrifice to the gods of darkness at the threshold of a deep cavern. Once the sacrifice is made, a vast chasm opens up and Aeneas follows the Sibyl.

Aeneas makes his way into the route to Hades accompanied by the Sibyl. They descend through a gloomy region haunted by bodiless and dreadful spirits and monsters and eventually arrives at Acheron, one of the rivers of the underworld.

After arriving at the bank of the river, Acheron, Aeneas sees Charon, the ancient boatman who ferries spirits of the dead across the river. At first, Charon is reluctant to ferry Aeneas, a living man, across the river Acheron, but when the Sibyl shows him the golden bough, he changes his mind and grants Aeneas safe passage.

On the other side of the river lives Cerberus, the snaky, three-headed watchdog. Sibyl feeds Cerberus tranquilizer-soaked meet, which allows her to slip past the gate.

As Aeneas and the sibyl disembark on the other side of the shore, they find themselves surrounded by the wailing souls of dead infants. As they moved forward, they encountered the souls of those who were executed for crimes they did not commit, and then they come across the spirits of those who took their own lives. Eventually, they arrive at the Fields of Mourning, a place for those who died of love. Here, Aeneas meets the ghost of Dido. Knowing that Dido killed herself because of his abandonment, he tries to justify himself to her, saying that he left her unwillingly. Unforgiving, Dido’s ghost turns away from him and turns to the spirit of her husband, Sychaeus, with whom she has now been reunited for comfort.

Both Aeneas and Deiphobe come to the fields where the spirits of men who have won battles reside. There they meet the Trojans and Greek warriors.

As Aeneas travels along the road to Tartarus, he sees the punishments for disobeying the gods and committing sins against men. After that, he and Deiphobe enter the Elysium field, where Aeneas is received by his father, Anchises.

Anchises talks about the idea of rebirth or reincarnation, and, then, shows Aeneas his Roman descendants. The scene ends up with a tragic vision of the funeral of Marcellus, who was Augustus’ nephew and son-in-law. He died prematurely. Aeneas returns to the earth through the Gate of Ivory, which symbolizes false dreams.